d. "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment. Both PERT and CPM require that network tasks have unchanging durations. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1996). As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? d. Multiculturalism. Account. Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. a. receiving unwanted sexual advances (1984). He argues that if there is a womens studies program, then there should be a mens studies program too. b. backlash effect d. Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan, Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. (2010). Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). This is an example of c. 41 percent Generics are statements such as "tigers are striped", "a duck lays eggs", "the dodo is extinct", and "ticks carry Lyme disease". c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. Trope, Y., & Thompson, E. (1997). b. still show more male characters than female characters in basic readers and math materials On the other hand, we sometimes categorize others not because it seems to provide more information about them but because we may not have the time (or the motivation) to do anything more thorough. c. 74; 42 Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. a. often misunderstand what was really an innocent comment. Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate? Order. The speed of these responses is used to determine an individuals stereotypes or prejudice. c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. True xiyi132735411514. abilities b. Puerto Ricans Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. IV. I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. a. genocide. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from Denying Francisco a raise is an example of c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. a. whites Which statement is the BEST explanation of the fundamental attribution error? Brown, R., Croizet, J.-C., Bohner, G., Fournet, M., & Payne, A. Whites have earned the privilege. baseball. 24; 12 partnership was denied on the basis of her gender. What is this scenario an example of? b. cultural factors Outline your answers clearly Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. b. c. spotlighting 1 It occurs without conscious awareness. In one study assessing stereotypes, Stephanie Madon and her colleagues (Madon et al., 2001) presented U.S. college students with a list of 84 trait terms and asked them to indicate for which groups each trait seemed appropriate (Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students). In other cases, stereotypes are maintained because information that confirms our stereotypes is better remembered than information that disconfirms them. correct? Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II? New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Martens, A. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? Revan was excited about working with a group of friends on the next science project. Even today, there is good agreement about the stereotypes of members of many social groups, including men and women and a variety of ethnic groups. c. Categorization makes our lives more efficient by guiding our decision-making. b. b. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? C. categorization d. 50. In Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. The tendency to categorize others is normally quite useful. When the responses are arranged on the screen in a matching way, such that the male category and the strong category are on the same side of the screen (e.g., on the right side), participants can do the task very quickly and they make few mistakes. b. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349364. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. During the year, the following transactions occurred. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. Therefore, new challenges for public . Aim In this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of information regarding premature ejaculation . relationships and domestic topics. c. from 1986 to 2008 Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 229241. d. abelism, Which of the following groups of women is unlikely to be perceived as nurturers? d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white. Once the participants are convinced that the researcher is able to assess their true attitudes, it is expected that they will be more honest in answering the rest of the questions they are asked because they want to be sure that the researcher does not catch them lying. Which of the following is an example of a sexist experience? None of these choices. Stereotype lift. The participants were shown the list of all the statements that had been made, along with the pictures of each of the discussion group members, and were asked to indicate who had made each of the statements. d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. a. transference. d. generalization. b. Germany; urban Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656666. Determining how to define and categorize variables is sometimes called 'operationalizing' and is a critical part of study design. d. Latin America or Asia. What does she write concerning Alex? d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the highest median household income? Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and He developed a plan for how the group could most effectively share responsibilities. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. Perhaps this example will help you see the flexibility of social categorization. Rules Sara Baker, Ori Friedman, Alan M. Leslie (sbaker@ruccs.rutgers.edu) Cognitive development in the preschool years is characterized by diminishing impulsivity in thought and action. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. d. poor diet. What were the "black codes"? Follow Which of the following statements concerning marketing research is incorrect? b. assimilation. b. girls, more than boys, were described as "little." "People stereotype females as communal and males as agentic because they have observed Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Research has found that stereotype threat is caused by both cognitive and affective factors. d. displacement. c. now have about equal numbers of male and female characters in basic readers and math b. discrimination is unavoidable, but prejudicial attitudes are not. a. unfriendly In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving womens math performance. One common measure involves asking participants to take a seat on a chair near a person from a different racial or ethnic group and measuring how far away the person sits (Sechrist & Stangor, 2001; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). ", Which of the following is an example of spotlighting? For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. 4 The participants were given two chances at responding. text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? . Controlling urges and selecting the appropriate response are a. 1 A outgoing woman marries a reserved man. Annual non-discrimination testing is required for a plan that integrates with Social Security. Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception. d. her unfeminine walk. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of women of color on television is/are Guimond, S. (2000). The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. a. modern sexism. All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? (1994). In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds. There are two rival pet stores located across the street from each other. Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. b. Imagine now that while John and Sarah are still talking, some students from another college, each wearing the hats and jackets of that school, show up in the student union. c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. d. discrimination, A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. a. prejudice. answer:-opruon 1 The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirem . B) The simpler the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. A. b. Gender stereotyping research that focused on the ethnicity of the target found that: When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. 3 behavioral Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). a. prejudice. 13 percent; 3 percent San Diego, CA: Elsevier. Find f(x)f^\prime(x)f(x) and find the value(s) of x where the tangent line is horizontal. 0 Wishlist. What does GDP measure, and why is it important? 15. Selected Answer: Social categorization Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Benefits include medical care costs and disability income. c. the same type of animals were depicted on the girl cards and the boy cards. One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). The spending pattern of most elderly retirees shows an average decline in outflow during the latter part of retirement O Analysis of Social Security shows that (Ed.). a. intelligence Stereotyping and prejudice begin from social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Reggie goes to a private academy and plays on the varsity basketball team. Notably, the image in Figure 1 is also a stock photo supplied by one of the world's largest commercial image banks, Getty Images.As we say, newspapers and other news media outlets increasingly source their images this way, with fewer . Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797811. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. drburtoni Transgenders March, Portland 2015 SERIES CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. This is an example of Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of: 182222). d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. c. serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men. (2007). For example, if asked "how many . c. hostile; modern Brown, R. (1995). d. the cultural inferiority of blacks, In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? c. benevolent sexism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 16671678. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. After they had viewed all the statements made by the individuals in the discussion group, the research participants were given a memory test (this was entirely unexpected for the participants who had not been given memory instructions). d. a and b, Which of the following statements about the differential treatment of females and males in B) Social categorization can lead to unconscious stereotyping and prejudices. Do you hold implicit prejudices? In the climate of great uncertainty characterizing the COVID-19 pandemic, health communication played a significant role: several communicative strategies and channels were used to inform, educate and alert. Just as White people used fewer piles of traits to describe Blacks than Whites, young people used fewer piles of traits to describe elderly people than they did young people, and students used fewer piles for members of other universities than they did for members of their own university. Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes is not correct? b. benevolent; hostile Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) performed a simple experiment that provided a picture of the potential outcomes of categorization. Specifically, he found that although lines C and D (which are actually the same length) were perceived as equal in length when the lines were not categorized, line C was perceived as being significantly longer than line D in the condition in which the lines were categorized. The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. 26 percent; 6 percent Because Asian students are aware of the stereotype that Asians are good at math, reminding them of this fact before they take a difficult math test can improve their performance on the test (Walton & Cohen, 2003). d. Native Americans, Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? ), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? Which if the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance? Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L. J., & McCauley, C. R. (1995). Entropy-related risks were soon translated into the "infodemic", a wide-spread phenomenon with psychosocial and cultural roots. Which component of attitude is being affected? c. parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments. a. It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathways). All Hispanics are white. c. Latin Americans In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. d. institutional racism. One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. d. all of the above, Studies of the parents of newborns have found that: d. both a and b, Magazines targeted at teen girls and young women Men find it easier to excel in leadership positions, whereas women have to work hard to overcome the false beliefs about their lack of leadership abilities (Phelan & Rudman, 2010). a. The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. The social psychologist John Bargh once described stereotypes as cognitive monsters because their activation was so powerful and because the activated beliefs had such insidious influences on social judgment (Bargh, 1999). Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? The nature of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645654. d. worship-and-biblical-worldview-theo-104. Tajfel found that the lines were perceived differently when they were categorized, such that the differences between the groups and the similarities within the groups were emphasized. a. non-Hispanic whites c. Cuban Americans b. institutional racism. I used this code when statements . In R. V. Kail (Ed. use of beauty products. A. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. b. experiencing discrimination in employment b. (A) Policy dividends represent earnings to shareowners who hold stock in insurance companies. There are more sexual terms associated with males than with females. He has shared this information with his c. Irish Americans d. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. c. racialization. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? 3989). a. Lawrence Bobo d. none of the above. Fiske, A. P., Haslam, N., & Fiske, S. T. (1991). B., & Jetten, J. Categorization is the ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type), on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria that are universal to . Lippman, W. (1922). Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. 4 "She did a good job because she's talented. a. whites White women Southern and Eastern Europe. Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. b. Uploaded By Mo salah. b. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. involvement If employees receive a contribution of 3% of total compensation, then an . In the next section we will consider two of these approachesthe bogus pipeline procedure and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. b. serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures. A Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. a. show less gender bias Social categorization occurs spontaneously, without much thought on our part (Crisp & Hewstone, 2007). Patricia Linville and Edward Jones (1980) gave research participants a list of trait terms and asked them to think about either members of their own group (e.g., Blacks) or members of another group (e.g., Whites) and to place the trait terms into piles that represented different types of people in the group. Once they become established, stereotypes (like any other cognitive representation) tend to persevere. father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. c. unableness Prejudice occurs when one acts on a behavior whereas discrimination represents one's attitude. The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________. "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job." c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from b. Hispanic men New York, NY: Guilford Press. Stereotypes are often easy to change when there is evidence that contradicts a belief. Which of the following groups is most likely to experience age-based prejudice? d. Native Americans. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. 2 A girl marries the boy next door. Which of the following statements about categorization is most correct? b. Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Implicit association procedures such as the IAT show that even participants who claim that they are not prejudiced do seem to hold cultural stereotypes about social groups. b. African Americans Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century. We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. A basic prediction of social categorization theory is that . (1978). d. people who are not prejudiced can discriminate. (2006). 1 He made a situational attribution. attitude best reflects: Which of the following statements regarding project management is true? In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim, & C. R. McCauley (Eds. 275292). b. Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes. (1999). Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. d. all of the above. c. laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid Which of the following statements concerning women's participation in sports is/are true? Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. Which of the following statements best describes life insurance policy dividends? a. b. d. Black women under age 35, Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks: c. being forced to listen to jokes that belittle women D. slow. d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? Social strategies. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? a. Psychological Science, 14(3), 287290. movies, and theater b. Well-meaning comments are never insulting. This process of categorization is known as Pages 30. One problem is that social categorization distorts our perceptions such that we tend to exaggerate the differences between people from different social groups while at the same time perceiving members of groups (and particularly outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are. The Integrity survey includes statements . females as caregivers and males as workers." \. d. Mexican Americans. d. a and b, A study of popular films found that older women , compared to older men, were portrayed as b. discrimination. $23,550 provided by operating activities, c.$15,550 provided by operating activities, d. $42,400 provided by operating activities, e.$20,850 provided by operating activities. Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. a. genetic factors Which of the following statements about social categorization is incorrect?A) Social categorization assigns individuals to categories based on common characteristics. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). a. her "macho" style 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. In 2019, approximately 53.6 million metric tons of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) was generated globally, and according to some estimations the annual amount of e-waste will exceed 74 million metric tons by 2030 (Forti et al., 2020: 23).Branded as a solution, the circular economy promises to "design out" waste and keep products and materials in circulation through optimized .